To get in touch with all the used abbreviations, please use the following table.

The EMVO Glossary is also available in our Documents Overview. EMVO Glossary.

To facilitate the implementation of the Delegated Regulation and the new rules on medicine verification, the European Commission has prepared a “Questions and Answers” document.

The European Medicines Verification Organisation is neither authorized nor in the position to state or determine the consequences and penalties for failure to comply with the deadline of February 9th 2019.

Please contact the European Commission for further information.

We understand the need of OBP’s to obtain a level of certainty that EMVO fulfils the quality requirements to facilitate the medicines verification process.

EMVO asked EDQM to act as their external auditor to ensure that the European Hub is designed, managed and operated in accordance with the standards as described in the “Commission delegated regulation (EU) 2016/161” supplementing the Directive 2001/81/EC and other relevant state of the art standards.
Together with EDQM, we agreed on a strategic audit plan which will allow the EMVO organisation to meet the quality expectations by February 2019. The first audit has already been executed on January 19th 2017 and during the last week of April 2017. Further audits are planned for end of 2017, and in 2018.

We would also like to inform you that the Belgian NCA is part of the audit team as they will supervise the EU hub. Also on European level, a sub-group within the EC Expert Group was formed to develop an Aide Memoire for National Competent Authorities as a guidance document to supervise national medicines verification organisations (NMVOs) and their systems (NMVS). We decided to extend the audit team with an observer to represent this workgroup.
With regards to security, EMVO also ensures a yearly external security audit on the EU Hub. This audit is managed by an external independent company.

As EMVO strives to full transparency on its EU Hub system and processes, we will therefore provide you as OBP the full Audit Report, as currently available, after a check of your legitimacy. To get the report, please request it from the EMVO Helpdesk.

The Directive 2011/62/EU and the  Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/161 are also available in our Documents Overview.

A corporation/group of companies has to decide which legal entity will act as their On-boarding Partner (OBP). All relevant data of the Marketing Authorization Holders (MAH) of the corporation/group of companies will be transferred via the OBP to the EMVO (EU Hub).

Definition of On-boarding Partner (OBP):

1. The OBP is the contracting part of EMVO and concludes the Participation Agreement.

2. The OBP is legally authorized to sign on behalf of a MAH / a group of MAHs.

3. The OBP has to be affiliated to a MAH / a group of MAHs.

4. Affiliate shall mean, in relation to a Party, any other person affiliated with such Party within the meaning of Article 11[1] of the Belgian Code of Companies (it being understood, for the avoidance of doubt, that the definition set out in said Article 11 is agreed to also apply to non-Belgian persons).

5. OBP Affiliate(s) agree(s) in writing to be bound, jointly and severally with the OBP, by and to observe all terms, limitations and conditions applying to the OBP as set forth in the Participation Agreement.

6. The group of MAHs represented by the OBP either consists of Original Pack Manufacturers (MAH without Parallel Distribution Activities) or Parallel Distributors (MAH with Parallel Distribution Activities).

The purpose of this confirmation letter is to approve that an OBP is authorised to act on behalf of a Marketing Authorisation Holder (MAH) / a group of MAHs and that they are affiliated with each other. As you know, EMVO has a contractual relationship to the OBP, not necessarily to the MAH which shall ensure that the information referred to in Article 33 (2) of the Delegated Regulation is uploaded to the repositories system before the medicinal product is released for sale or distribution by the manufacturer.

The confirmation letter is currently in a draft stage. As soon as the work is completed the letter will be available for download in the OBP Portal.

The Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/161 is available in our Documents Overview.

There is the situation of “co-marketing”, where two companies (A and B) sell what is the same product but under two brands:

• Company A produces as CMO for B but also sells theselves.
• Company B has no own production.

In conclusion, A would be the obvious OBP, also because only they have the repository system. But A and B are completely seperate legal entities, not parts of the same group (though they have a commercial agreement in place).
Could A (who will need to On-board as OBP for their own products) also be actiong on behalf of B? Even though A is actually the CMO, not the brand owner for the products of B.

No. Company A can’t act on behalf of Company B, because they are not affiliated to each other.

The Original Pack Manufacturer (MAH without Parallel Distribution Activities) is the classical pharmaceutical company that holds marketing authorisations and operates its own manufacturing facility (in a wholly owned entity or sometimes by using a third-party manufacturer). On a technical point of view, this allows you to upload original pack data not sourced from a repacking operation to the EU Hub.

The Parallel Distributor (MAH with Parallel Distribution Activities) is the parallel distributor that is, by virtue of the FMD, a "manufacturing authorisation holder" for the necessary repackaging operations. On a technical point of view, this allows both the decommissioning of already uploaded pack data from a source market and the subsequent upload of new products into the market.

When EMVO uses the abbreviation MAH, we ONLY use it in relation to Marketing Authorisation Holders.

Marketing Authorisation Holder (MAH)

A Marketing Authorisation Holder is the organisation which owns the serialisation data and which is accountable for uploading the date to the EU Hub (e.a. XYZ Sales Company in EU member country). Possibly an affliate of the OBP; for smaller companies the MAH and OBP could be the same.

Manufacturing Authorisation Holder

The producing company, also responsible for the release of a certain batch is a Manufacturing Authorisation Holder. Possibly an affiliate of the pharmaceutical company (e.a. XYZ Manufacturing Company); for smaller companies the Manufacturing Authorisation Holder and MFR could be the same.

Parallel distributors are not marketing authorisation holders in the letter of EU law, they functionally take a comparable role. The parallel importer, or distributor, does not hold a marketing authorisation in the terms of the Community law. Instead, the parallel importer is holder of specific product authorisations issued by national competent authorities in an abbreviated procedure.

In addition, parallel distributors must repackage the product which they handle in order to comply with the labelling and other regulatory and trademark requirements of the destination market, and repackaging is a manufacturing activity regulated by GMP. The FMD correspondingly speaks of „manufacturing authorisation holders“ when it means on the one hand marketing authorisation holders and on the other parallel distributors. For these reasons, parallel distributors connect to the hub, comparable to other (normal) manufacturers.

The SPOC is the key contact person for EMVO and is authorised by the Authorised Representative to be in charge of the correspondence between the OBP and EMVO. The SPOC is responsible for providing the requested information for the OBP on the On-Boarding Partner Portal in order to establish a connection with the EU Hub. The SPOC can appoint a SPOC Assistant as a back-up. This is optional.

No, the Participation Agreement (PA) is not confidential.

One PA per Corporation/Group signed by the OBP who represents the MAH’s of the corporation is sufficient.

The Participation Agreement will be signed after the company information is filled in and the Authorised Representative is appointed.

The Participation Agreement is NON-NEGOTIABLE, only in case of contradicting national law.

A copy of proof consists in an objective document attesting that the Authorised Representative has the authorisation to sign on behalf of the company and therefore to legally bind it. For example, it can consist in an excerpt of the Trade Register, an excerpt of the Bulletin of Act or of the status of the company, in order to certify the position of that person in the management board or in a senior position. It is needed in order to enable us to approve the Participation Agreement you would be required to send us as well as to further pursue the legitimacy check.

Please find here the list of National Registers for obtaining the Copy of Proof.

The Authorised Representative (AR) is appointed by the OBP. The AR should be a senior officer who is authorised to sign on behalf of the company, the person holding the position of CEO, CFO, CIO or a member of the management board. Only the named AR is able to sign the Participation Agreement in name and on behalf of the OBP company. The AR will confirm that the SPOC is a legitimate person who has the authority to manage the project in name and on behalf of the OBP.

The OBP has to ensure that:

• The named Authorised Representative is entitled to sign on behalf of the company
• The copy of proof attached confirms the entitlement of the Authorised Representative to sign on behalf of the company
• The person named in step 1.2 is the person that signed, in fact, the Participation Agreement
• The full name of the AR is provided, without translation nor abbreviation, as it appears in the national register.

Please have a 2nd look on the invoicing form from step 2.5 in the OBP Portal. The obligatory fields are marked by an asterisk (Legal entity name, Address, E-Mail Address, Number of MAHs, VAT Number). All the other details are optional.

The National Customer Number is a customer code that the local commercial entity belonging to the OBP has with a local organisation from which they have to obtain specific product references.

Therefore, the OBP will be asked to provide that number only if it also acts as an MAH.

Such numbers are IFA in Germany, or CIP in France, for example. It may also be that some countries don’t have such number, or that the OBP do not act as an MAH and therefore the OBP don’t have to fill that part in.

A company registration number (CRN) is a unique combination of numbers, at times of numbers and letters. It is used to identify a company and verify its legal existence as an incorporated entity. A unique Company Registration Number is assigned as the company is registered on a certain register. The issuing entity differs from country to country. In Germany the public register and issuing entity is the Handelsregister. In the UK it is the Companies House.

The CRN can be found on the Certificate of Incorporation, on all official documentation received from the issuing entity or on the excerpts of the register. A company registration number is also referred to as ‘company number’.

The parallel importer, or distributor, does not hold a marketing authorisation in the terms of the Community law. Instead, the parallel importer is holder of specific product authorisations issued by national competent authorities in an abbreviated procedure.
These national authorisations may be regarded under the respective national rules as « marketing authorisations » and he holder of such authorisations is, for example in Germany, a pharmaceutical entrepreneur comparable in legal status to any brand manufacturer. In the case of centrally approved products, the product can by definition circulate in the entirety of the EEA market; when it enters parallel distribution, the EMA only issues a so called « distribution notice ».

Therefore EMVO kindly asks you to fill in your legal entity which a minimum of one and a maximum of three relating licenses in step 3.8 of the OBP On-boarding Portal. A full list of all the relating licenses will be requested when entering the technical on-boarding.

The terms are not further detailed. After the Participation Agreement is signed the On-boarding Fee can be paid. Latest before getting connected to the HUB test environment the fee has to be paid.

To cover administrative connection costs, including the cost of the legitimacy check, EMVO charges a one-time On-boarding fee.

The applicable On-boarding Fee will be determined on the basis of the following elements:

• The number of MAHs in Europe (European Economic Area and Switzerland) the OBP represents
• the timing when the OBP shares its valid Participation Agreement with EMVO via the OBP Portal

The Agreement will be considered valid provided all the following conditions are satisfied:

• All pages of the Agreement have been shared with EMVO using the respective platform as per above
• No amendments, changes or other edits have been made to the Agreement
• The individual(s) signing the Agreement is (are) the individual(s) duly authorised to sign on behalf of the OBP and provide(s) evidence to that respect as per the requirements EMVO has set and communicated to the OBP

Therefore, due to the fees adjustment over time, an application of 50% rise in the amount to be invoiced to the OBPs will be applicable from the 15th of January 2018. An additional 50% rise will apply from the 15th of June 2018.

The On-boarding Fee is a one-time fee which covers the administrative costs related to the On-boarding process, the costs attached to the legitimacy check and the technical costs of connecting the On-boarding Partners (OBP) with all its MAHs to the EU Hub. The On-Boarding fee is fixed independently from the countries in which the MAHs are active and/or registered. To consult the latest applicable On-boarding fees, please check the FAQ 232, or contact our Helpdesk.

2.32 What’s the amount of the On-boarding Fee?

To cover administrative connection costs, including the cost of the legitimacy check, EMVO charges a one-time On-boarding fee. The applicable On-boarding Fee will be determined on the basis of the following elements:

• The number of MAHs in Europe (European Economic Area and Switzerland) the OBP represents
• the timing when the OBP shares its valid Participation Agreement with EMVO via the OBP Portal

  The Agreement will be considered valid provided all the following conditions are satisfied:

• All pages of the Agreement have been shared with EMVO using the respective platform as per above
• No amendments, changes or other edits have been made to the Agreement
• The individual(s) signing the Agreement is (are) the individual(s) duly authorised to sign on behalf of the OBP and provide(s) evidence to that respect as per the requirements EMVO has set and communicated to the OBP

  Therefore, due to the fees adjustment over time, an application of 50% rise in the amount to be invoiced to the OBPs will be applicable from the 15th of January 2018. An additional 50% rise will apply from the 15th of June 2018.  

No, not from EMVO side. The National Medicines Verification Organizations will ask for the yearly Flat Fee.

In order to keep the Legitimacy Check as effective and secure as possible EMVO does not publish the procedure. The check will be based on the information EMVO receives from the On-boarding Partner during the on boarding process. As soon as the process starts, EMVO will request all relevant information via the EMVO On-boarding Portal.

Access will be given to the production environment of the EU Hub by EMVO (not by Solidsoft) and only to legitimate On-boarding Partners. The details of participation are stipulated in the Participation Agreement.

The On-boarding Partner will be asked to provide EMVO with a list of MAH on the OBP Portal. For the purpose of the legitimacy check, the OBP is asked to provide, in step 2.7 the information of a minimum of one MAH, maximum of three, and a minimum of one product, maximum of three of each MAH.

In step 5 – Maintenance, the OBP is requested to fill-in the full list of MAHs for which it is willing to upload date in the EU Hub. Please note that no further information on products are required in step 5 as it is only needed for the legitimacy check purposes. The number of MAHs listed has also to be reflected in the Invoicing Information Form accordingly and adapted in Step 5 if necessary.

The Legitimacy Check is an inevitable step in the on-boarding of the On-boarding Partner.

Without notified successful findings of the Legitimacy Check, no access will be granted to the Technical On-boarding.

The OBPs that already signed contracts with EMVO are also asked to go through the portal. However, they will have the possibility to upload the contracts they already signed directly in the portal.

• An On-boarding Partner (OBP) Gateway Connection Provider is a third-party contractor engaged by the OBP, who assists in whole or part of with the development, implementation, provision, use and/or operation of the OBP interface to the EU Hub via a Gateway Connection.
• Every OBP Gateway Connection Provider has to be promoted by at least one OBP in the On-boarding Process.

OBPs can choose to connect to the EU Hub via a direct connection (data send from OBPs system straight to EU Hub) or a Gateway Connection (data sent first to a Gateway Provider. The Gateway Provider sends it through to the EU Hub)

Download the OBP On-boarding Guideline and the OBP On-boarding Presentation.

Yes, your IT software supplier may decide to offer a module off-the-shelf to allow your existing IT System to connect with a Direct Connection to the EU Hub.

The Gateway provider is the provider of a Gateway connection to the EU Hub. You have to decide with whom you want to connect. For example, if you choose for the EMVO Gateway connection, you complete this field with “EMVO Gateway”.

Solidsoft Reply is ISO 27001 certified. EMVO does not deem it necessary for each manufacturer to also be ISO 27001 accredited.

Yes, Manufacturers will be informed.

No, there are not any hardware requirements in the form of a list. Your chosen service provider will already be aware of the security requirements and the need for a fixed endpoint. VPN is not used.

The EMVS supports both the GS1 standard and the IFA PPN standard and doesn't provide benefit either way. However, the GS1 standard does provide measurable supply chain benefit for all stakeholders and is much the preferred option.

We offer you to define your name for the client. You should use your company name suffixed by the gateway provider or 3rd party provider name. This allows to easily identify your client connection with the European Hub such that for future maintenance or even disconnection requests, we can be certain that any amendments are made to the correct instance.

EMVO can only provide support for clients using one of the technologies we have specified and any deviation from this may entail additional costs which will have to be borne by either the connection provider or the On-boarding Partner.

No, you send it with the pack data unless you use the current EMVO Gateway in which case you send it first. Next revision of the EMVO Gateway will also take the batch information at the same time as the pack data.

Almost, you state the product code, batch and expiry as part of the pack upload process and the batch header information is created from this data.

You don’t apply these they happen automatically on upload and are set to Active. Subsequently however you will be able to set a batch recalled.

Entirely your choice, we don’t insist on one model or the other but remember that the serial numbers are unique to the product code not only the batch.

When the OBP sends data to the European Hub it is propagated to the relevant national systems almost immediately.

No. Only the production system is guaranteed to be connected to real national systems. ITE always uses simulated national systems, IQE may use a mix of simulated and real (but integration versions) national systems. You will have to enquire when ready to send data to determine if the market you wish to communicate with is truly connected.

No. National Repositories will follow a different path. Your provider (whoever that is) will have a support contract with SolidSoft Reply (EU Hub) and as a result will have a development and test environment all of their own. Integration tests will be performed there and then transit to our IQE for certification testing – then to Production.

No. We are absolutely not planning any data migration from any environment.

Yes. There is a slide presentation available to this topic.   The presentation is currently in a draft stage. As soon as the work is completed the presentation will be available in the EMVO Download Section.

In general, No. EMVO allows in maximum two connections to the EU Hub per OBP. (i.e. 1 direct + 1 gateway; 2 gateway).

Technically there is no restriction on the order of the data elements within the code beyond that the GTIN/Product code is first. However, there are recommendations in the GS1 standard so they would be advised to read this. Put all the fixed length fields first (expiry) and always end with a variable length field (lot or serial) this way you minimize the code size.

Essentially the EMVO Gateway is an alternative means of connecting to the European Hub. (alternate to developing a direct connection).

The direct connection will suit many OBP’s however it is complex to realize (deliberately complex). The EMVO Gateway provides a lower effort route to connection using typically understood techniques and is aimed at those OBP’s who want to participate in pilot programs but do not yet have a direct connection established or smaller OBP’s who have no need for the direct connection because their volumes of batches are much lower. It’s highly manual in operation so not well suited to automated processes, however it is a very effective means for connecting easily with the European Hub and wider EMVS.

Essentially used in the context (from the larger query set), this means made by you internally within your own organisation. Where you have your product made is for you, the legal and contractual responsibility for the data produced and uploaded remains 100% with you as the contracting party.  We do not support the connection or 3rd parties directly to the European Hub to act on behalf of another party.

The Step 5. “Maintenance” has to be used by the SPOC and the SPOC Assistant to keep updated all relevant information filled-in during the Contractual On-Boarding (company information, SPOC and SPOC Assistant contact details, MAH information, etc.)

• The OBP can maintain MAH information already provided in Step 2.7. For the purpose of the Legitimacy Check, the OBP was required to provide MAH and products information in step 2.7. However, in Step 5 – “Maintenance”, information on products is no longer required. Still, the OBP is requested to provide EMVO with the full list of the MAHs it will be willing to upload data for in the EU Hub. This list has to be complete and updated according to any change.
• All detailed company information, except the company type, can be updated.
• The OBP can also modify the SPOC and the SPOC assistant contact details.
• The OBP can view and/or download the latest Participation Agreement applicable. Whenever an updated Participation Agreement will be made available, the OBP will be requested to sign the new version of the contract and follow the procedure accordingly.
• The Invoicing Information Form can be viewed or downloaded. In case more MAHs are registered in the OBP Portal than mentioned on the already approved Invoicing Information Form, the Invoicing Form will be rejected in order for you to restart the invoicing process.

No. Once the Legitimacy check is passed in Step 3 the modification of information in Step 5. Maintenance will not trigger a new Legitimacy check.  Still, all information will be randomly checked in the aftermath in order to ensure that the MAH listed in Step 5 are all affiliated to the OBP company.

Yes. The EMVS Master Data Guide is available in our Documents Overview.

No. Not possible and thus no potential benefit.

A use case for a product destined for Belgium and Germany (Germany is active, Belgium is inactive):

1. Product Master Data with Market Data uploaded for Germany only
2. Product Master data and Pack data sent to German Repository
3. Belgium comes online
4. Product Master Data is updated to include Belgium
5. Product Master Data pushed to EU Hub
6. EU Hub loads Product Master Data to Belgium and updates Germany
7. Pack data resent, loaded to both markets

The EMVS Master Data Guide is available in our Documents Overview.

The Questions and Answers Document, published by the European Commission, also gives a helpful answer to this topic. Regarding this, we would like to refer to question 1.12 (Would it be possible to place a unique identifier on the packaging of a medicinal product during the 3 years period between the publication of Regulation (EU) No 2016/161 and its application?) of this FAQ from the European Commission.

If products are sold by exceptions in countries where the products are not registered, the EMVS will allow for a verification process though with very slow performance.

Therefore we strongly recommend to use the multimarket pack approach which means you’ll need to upload the Product master data in the NMVSs of country A and country B.

The EMVS Master Data Guide is available in our Documents Overview.

The EMVS, consisting of the European Hub and the National Systems, implements a level of testing to assure the random nature of serial numbers supplied by each OBP. The Delegated Regulation (Article 4) clearly states that the serial number has to be random and places some definitions about how random the values should be for a given product code.

To provide a sense-check, the EMVS implements some tests on all series of serial numbers loaded to the system and when numbers are loaded that do not meet the criteria set, currently a warning is returned to the OBP informing them that the numbers are not sufficiently randomised. When the system is in full operation after February 2019, this warning may be changed to an error resulting in pack uploads being rejected.

The creation of numbers that are sufficiently random is not hugely difficult however the topic is massively misunderstood. EMVO have chosen the globally recognised standards for random and pseudo-random numbers defined and explained by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). The EMVS however does not implement the entire suite of tests for randomness. The EMVS only implements the monobit and runs tests. As such, OBP’s should be aware that submitting number streams to the EMVS that do not give a warning is not a warranty that the generation method used is sufficiently robust. The testing undertaken by the EMVS only ‘weeds out’ those that fall well below the standard required. As such, a full review of the test suite described by NIST is highly recommended.

Currently the use of static prefix and suffix numbers within the serial number will (as might be expected) cause testing failures. Try wherever possible to minimise or eradicate static sections of the number lists.

EMVO is not an authority of the use and construction of suitable algorithms to produce serial numbers of a sufficient random nature. OBP suppliers should be tasked to prove their capabilities or OBP’s themselves should research the recommendations of NIST.

An inbound product suitably coded for the European market under the terms of the FMD Delegated regulation cannot have a batch ID greater than 20 characters – the coding schemes simply do not support this.

This Question relates to the EMVS Master Data Guide.

The batch data is associated with the master data by means of the product code. Each batch (which includes the pack) data upload will contain the product code (article number), batch ID, Expiry date and list of serial numbers (plus of course the MFR details). Thus, the product code is used as the common field between master data and batch data. The EMVS always uses the product code as the key field and the Hub makes the connection for you.

Parallel Distributors do also have to load the old product code and batch information so that the Hub can discharge its requirements under Article 35(4) in the DR. They can also upload new outbound batches (all different if needed) to the Hub and so long as they specify the original product code and original batch ID, the Hub will allow multiple batches up to the limit imposed by the original decommissioning.

This question is related to one of the common data elements in the EMVS Master Data Guide (Appendix 1), Name of Medicinal Product.

Does the strength and pharmaceutical form need to be added to the Registered Product Name to form the Name of Medicinal Product, if this Registered Trade Name not includes the strength and pharmaceutical form?

This Registered Trade Name is more appropriate for the ‘common-name’ entry and not for the ‘name’ field. According to our investigations, the name should be followed by the strength and form information as indicated in the guidance document by reference to SmPC rev.

Ultimately however this is only guidance – you should seek detailed clarification from the regulator responsible for the market(s) on which your product is sold as EMVO is not a regulatory authority and this data is not used within the EMVS (currently) for any other purpose than report content/decoration.
The majority of the master data elements were imposed on the system by the Delegated Regulation (Art. 33(2)) and EMVO does not have the history to know why the master data in that article is so rich in content. Your regulatory authorities should be able to provide the background and guidance.

The EMVS Master Data Guide is available in our Documents Overview.

A general overview concerning the CMO and 3PL Connection Options to the EMVS can be consulted in our Documents Overview under the name Connecting Systems to the EMVS.

No, CMO’s have no contractual relationship with the EMVS and thus are not permitted to upload data. Uploaded data is also always attributed to the party who uploads it and for a CMO the data they produce will need to be attributed to the party employing them – aka the OBP. Thus, a direct connection for a CMO will not function technically or contractually.

There are two options to fix this.

1. The CMO can send the data to the OBP and let the OBP upload it directly.
2. The OBP can create an account for the CMO using a Gateway provider (e.g. the EMVO-Gateway).

No, unless the OBP has allowed a facility to do this. This is described in the following FAQ.

The EMVS Master Data Guide is available in our Documents Overview.

The OBP who owns the account under which the data was uploaded. Data upload is always the responsibility of the connection owner (OBP).

Each On-boarding Partner gets one connection to the EU Hub so there will be no connection of CMOs to the EU Hub. Delegation under certain circumstances is possible but only when delegated under the full control of the On-boarding Partner, EMVO does not grant access for 3rd parties acting as delegates.

Yes, using the profile of a Wholesaler.

No, not currently. However, a 3PL could use facilities provided by the OBP and upload data via the OBP – e.g. a gateway connection.

Technically yes, however this will potentially involve the development of multiple interfaces (for the different technical implementations of national system) however this is likely to be entirely dependent on whether the 3PL has a wholesaler license in each of the markets they wish to connect with.

No, not directly however if the OBP has internal systems that support EPCIS and that are also connected with the EMVS, it would be possible for the OBP to support this.